This panel will question whether traditional policy tools provide the correct incentives to develop efficient systems and explore whether other approaches may drive to more effective results. Specifically, the panel will ask the following questions: Do current spectrum policies reward the use of advanced wireless technology that improves spectrum efficiency and enables sharing both within and across platforms? Going forward, could policy be better used to encourage spectrum users to develop more spectrally efficient technologies? Are there carrots or sticks that the government could employ to change the economic incentives to share spectrum? Could innovative policy tools better align stated objectives with actual practice?